If kidney cancer is diagnosed early, before it spreads, 80 percent of patients survive. However, finding it early has been among the disease’s greatest challenges. Now, researchers at Washington University have developed a noninvasive method to screen for kidney cancer that involves measuring the presence of proteins in the urine. The opensource study is published in the journal JAMA Oncology.
The researchers found that the protein biomarkers were more than 95 percent accurate in identifying early-stage kidney cancers. In addition, there were no false positives caused by non-cancerous kidney disease.
Kidney cancer is the seventh most common cancer in men and the 10th most common in women, affecting about 65,000 people each year in the United States. About 14,000 patients die of the disease annually. Like most cancers, kidney tumours are easier to treat when diagnosed early. But symptoms of the disease, such as blood in the urine and abdominal pain, often don’t develop until later, making early diagnosis difficult.
The team state that the most common way to find kidney cancer is as an incidental, fortuitous finding when someone has a CT or MRI scan. It’s not affordable to use such scans as a screening method, so the goal of the medical community has been to develop a urine test to identify kidney cancer early. When kidney cancer isn’t discovered until after it has spread, more than 80 percent of patients die within five years.
The current study analyzed urine samples from 720 patients at Barnes-Jewish Hospital who were about to undergo abdominal CT scans for reasons unrelated to a suspicion of kidney cancer. Results of the scans let the investigators determine whether or not patients had kidney cancer. As a comparison, they also analyzed samples from 80 healthy people and 19 patients previously diagnosed with kidney cancer.
The researchers measured levels of two proteins in the urine, aquaporin-1 (AQP1) and perlipin-2 (PLIN2). None of the healthy people had elevated levels of either protein, but patients with kidney cancer had elevated levels of both proteins. In addition, three of the 720 patients who had abdominal CT scans also had elevated levels of both proteins. Two of those patients were diagnosed subsequently with kidney cancer, and the third patient died from other causes before a diagnosis could be made.
The team explain that each protein, or biomarker, individually pointed to patients who were likely to have kidney cancer, but the two together were more sensitive and specific than either by itself. When the group put the two biomarkers together they correctly identified the patients with kidney cancer and did not have any false positives. The team add that even when patients had other types of non-cancerous kidney disease, levels of the two proteins in the urine were not elevated and did not suggest the presence of cancer.
This means that patients with other kinds of cancer or other kidney diseases don’t have elevations in these biomarkers. So in addition to being able to detect kidney cancer early, another advantage of using these biomarkers may be to show who doesn’t have the disease. The researchers also add that not all kidney masses found by CT scans turn out to be cancerous. In fact, about 15 percent are not malignant. A CT scan can only indicate whether there is a mass in the kidney, not whether it’s cancer. Currently, the only way to know for sure is to have a highly-invasive surgical biopsy.
The team working towards an easy-to-use screening test for kidney cancer, much like mammograms, colonoscopies or other tests designed to identify cancer at early, more treatable stages before patients have symptoms.
The team surmise that patients don’t know they have kidney cancer until they get symptoms, such a blood in the urine, a lump or pain in the side or the abdomen, swelling in the ankles or extreme fatigue. And by then, it’s often too late for a cure. Metastatic kidney cancer is extremely difficult to treat, and if the disease is discovered after patients have developed symptoms, they almost always have metastases. So the researchers are hoping to use the findings to quickly get a test developed that will identify patients at a time when their cancer can be more easily treated.
Source: Washington University in St. Louis
