HIV has been hard to beat as the virus mutates rapidly and has a sturdy set of defenses, including a ‘shield’ of glycan molecules on the surface of its envelope glycoproteins. These glycoproteins are the viral machinery used to make initial contact and subsequently infect human host cells.  Because HIV presents such a challenge to the immune system, scientists can’t use traditional methods to create … Continue reading Towards a universal HIV vaccine with the identification of first immature ‘elite controller’ antibody.