Approximately half the adult population in the United States is suffering from back or neck pain whose treatment and care costs result in an estimated 195 billion USD a year.  Current treatments include spinal fusion surgery and mechanical replacement devices, however, while these treatments provide symptomatic relief, they do not restore native disc structure, range of motion, or offer limited long-term efficacy.  Therefore, new therapies … Continue reading Spinal discs made of engineered living tissue implanted in large animal model.